The Economic Schools Of Thought - 1445 Words

Freshwater Economics Macroeconomic schools of thought would be prudent to accept certain aspects of the views of other schools of thought to better understand the scope of economic efficiency through the use of various models aimed at understanding the implications that all actions affect outcome. Like other economic schools of thought, Freshwater developed from previous schools of thought as new macroeconomic ideas were discussed and disputed. Neoclassical synthesis was a postwar movement in economics that absorbed the macroeconomic theories of John Maynard Keynes and the theories of neoclassical economics to formulate a synthesis of Keynesian macroeconomics and neoclassical microeconomics. John Hicks developed this theory, presenting it in 1937 and mathematical economist Paul Samuelson coined the term â€Å"synthesis† in his influential textbook, Economics. Representing such adaptations that helped shape consumer decision making and consumer theory, neoclassical synthesis o riginally focused on microeconomics using a comprehensive mathematics framework. Unforeseen at the time, it laid the groundwork as the first step towards Freshwater economics. The second step was led by Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek at the University of Chicago. While Friedman worked on re-writing our understanding of The Great Depression, he intended to show that monetary policy by the central bank was at fault, implying that a laissez-faire government fiscal policy would have been betterShow MoreRelatedEconomics : The Economic Thought Schools2009 Words   |  9 PagesThe Economic Thought Schools: From the Beginning to the Present Some economists believe that economics is the study of the universe and how everything in it works. Since economics still has not answered the question of how to make the world perfect, there is no right way to run an economic system. This means everyone has different opinions of what the economy is and how it should be managed. The world can agree on one part of economics though. It is primarily based on money, jobs, production, andRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1151 Words   |  5 Pages1) List three key concepts from the Keynesian School of economic thought: (25 points) At least one concept must describe the management of aggregate demand. a. The primary concept of the Keynesian School of economic thought revolved around the management of aggregate demand. The author of this idea, John Maynard Keynes, believed the economy was fundamentally unable to sustain itself at full employment. One of his proposed solutions to this was for the government to intervene to increase aggregateRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1948 Words   |  8 Pagesprosperity they have been recognized and titled as the Keynesian School of Economic Thought as this is a theory believing aggregate demand is influenced by public and private economic decisions. There is also the Monetarism School of Economic Thought which focuses on how the money supply has an effect on the economy and tries to have a stability in price level. A third theory also considered very important is the Austrian School of Economic Though as this theory is a believer of logical thinking withoutRead MoreStigin It To The Man: George Stigler788 Words   |  4 Page smany of our currently used economic principles. Stigler taught at the University of Chicago, where he worked closely with Milton Freidman. George Stigler was said to be quite brilliant in his field and yet, he kept a confident wit about himself that was said to help his students enjoy and understand economics. (Sowell) Comparatively, Stigler was a sort of renascence man in the economic field, as he was well studied, versatile, and involved in many facets of economic thought. Stigler’s drive to disputeRead MoreThe Classical School And The Neoclassic1702 Words   |  7 Pagess Economy as it relates to Classical and Neoclassical Thought Economic thoughts and theories are constantly evolving. One reason being is the growth and evolution of humans and systems. This constant change often brings about greater economics challenges. Thus, we can strongly contend to the fact that the state of today’s economic isn’t as found in the 18th or 19th and so on. Moreover, economic theorists presented with these robust economic challenges often time build up on each other. That isRead MoreMilton Friedman Vs. Monetarism1580 Words   |  7 Pagesseparated by different schools of thought. There’s many schools of thought because macroeconomics is such a complex matter. When there’s problems in the economy answers can be found in a plethora of places, because there’s so many moving parts. These moving parts of the economy are what economists use to make sense of everything. When people view some parts more important than others or find different solutions, different schools of thought become apparen t. One of these schools of thought come from the writingsRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Austrian School1251 Words   |  6 Pagesideas, giving a face to two distinct economic ideals. This CCA offered a unique opportunity to understand this conflict, an experience that this paper hopes to synthesize in an effective manner. This paper will summarize the history of the Austrian School through the narrative of the speakers and show the distinctions between Hayek and Mises as discussed by Dr. Nathan Schlueter. Dr. Eugen Schulak provided the most comprehensive history of the Austrian School, a narrative that the other speakersRead MoreNeoclassical Economics Vs. Keynesian Economics1583 Words   |  7 Pagespost -Second World War growth period, which is called Golden Age of Capitalism, has a great influence in human economic history. During the period of time, a great many of the capitalist countries have dramatically increased their economy and prosperity, such as United State which has a substantially economic expansion at an average rate of 3.5% annually between 1945 and 1970. Economic growth may be resulted by deregulation of market, rise of automotive manufacture and industrialization which contributeRead MoreClassical School Of Thought And The Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 PagesClassical school of thought dates back to the Enlightenment movement and the Industrial Revolution during the eighteenth century, where secularization started to happen resulting in changes on the way o f thinking and analyzing daily life. Adam Smith, also known as the father of economics, wrote An Enquiry into the causes of the Wealth of the Nations in 1776, where he discusses how the wealth of a nation is measured (by GDP), division of labor and lastly, introduces the invisible hand that controlsRead MoreA Healthy Constitution And Food For Thought981 Words   |  4 PagesHealthy Constitution and Food for Thought (and for Credit), the authors deliberate the troubles in today’s society with over processed and unhealthy foods. A Healthy Constitution reminds us of the economics classes that were taught several years ago and the many opportunities it provided to learn about home-cooked and fresh meals instead of driving through a drive-thru to order a processed cheeseburger. The essay Food for Thought (and for Credit) is also based in a school setting and allows us to realize

World War Two Essay - 1315 Words

ne treatment to be after enlightenment, along with war becoming more common and aggressive. The first thing I asked myself when I read this question was what first comes to mind when you think of war the worst war I know of. I immediately thought of my knowledge of World War Two. Today that is one of the most brutal things to look back on. Holocaust was incredibly brutal and inhuman. The things people endured are unimaginable. That was less than on hundred years ago and it doesn’t seem to be improving. I don’t think you can ever say war is ever humane. It is people fighting for what they believe in and doing what they think is right. Most of the time they will kill and do what ever is needed to win the argument. I think one thing that†¦show more content†¦It is also known that not everyone will completely agree with each other all the time. That is where I find Kant saying that we will abolish aggressive war entirely to be untrue. The largest wars happened aft er the enlightenment period and with each war the number of deaths grow. No two people are ever the same. They come from diverse backgrounds and have different experiences. It doesn’t matter if they are from the same town two people are never just alike. This causes problem and disagreements, which will eventually lead to war. Right now, we are in period with no major world wars, there are small ones in many nations. Looking from a world stand point this is seen as a time of peace, but like we talked about in class this correlates with the world right before WWI. Unfortunately, if history repeats itself within the next 50 years wars will ravage the earth again. Aside from the two world wars the number of casualties rise over time. The Taiping war in China from 1851-1864 is where over 22 million people died. That is far more than the thirty years war from 1618-1648, which was said to have over 5 million deaths. The wars many have little connection, but prove the point that war s less than 200 years apart and the amount of deaths more than triples in a third of the time. This is due to rise in total population. Proving my point again the rise of population only brings more issues and we all know issue lead to war. No matter ow bad we want it worldShow MoreRelated World War Two Essay example4701 Words   |  19 PagesWorld War Two On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britains effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There areRead MoreThe Aftermath of World War Two Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Aftermath of World War II Some people argue that faith and reason are two completely unrelated concepts. This statement could not be further from the truth. Both faith and reason separate man from animal. Man possesses the ability to think his way through obstacles. When a situation appears too great for logic, faith brings man to the next level. During World War II faith and reason worked side by side. Politicians and military leaders employed reason to break down and destroy theRead MoreEssay on World War Two Interview1016 Words   |  5 Pages Oral Report I chose the easy route of interview my grandpa (Dean Randel) who served in World War II as flight deck operator that signaled the aircrafts and got them ready for flight. He was station in San Diego on the USS Wisconsin which was of course a aircraft carrier. As I grew up he always told me stories of the good times he had with buddies and just living the good life. This is a first for me to sit down one on one with him and hear about what went on. Before I could even get a word inRead MoreEssay about World War Two603 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War Two World War II was a major event in European history. It changed the world forever. The events would shape Europe until the Second World War. There were severe consequences of this war. These consequences can be broken into social, political, economic and psychological consequences. WWI definitely was a pivotal point in history. There were many social effects of World War I. Women became the majority of the work force. All of the men went to the military so someone hadRead More America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of the American culture Read More Conscription in World War Two Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages The act of applying conscription during the First and Second World Wars have nearly torn Canada apart. The conscription crisis of 1917 was a treacherous event that occurred during the First World War. During this time the relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada were in an all time low in our Canadian history. The Quà ©bà ©cois thought conscription was merely unnecessary no matter what circumstance; while all other Canadians did essentially want conscription occur. The contrast was inevitablyRead MoreWorld Wars One and Two Essay561 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The way the First World War ended left embittered and unresolved issues and disputes that would prove to carry on and would lay the foundation for the second World War two decades later. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Treaty of Versailles can be said to be the single most important, indirect cause of World War II. It placed the blame, or quot;war guiltquot; solely upon Germany. Secondly, harsh reparations imposed by the treaty hampered the German economy by causingRead MoreEssay on Summary of World War Two1195 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of World War Two World War II is the name commonly given to the global conflict of 1939-1945. It is said to be the greatest and most destructive war in world history. The World War II military operations were conducted primarily in Europe but also in Asia, Africa, and the far islands of the Pacific as well. More than 17 million members of the armed forces perished during the conflict. It caused strain on the economic capabilities of the major nations and left many countries on theRead MoreThe Effects of World War Two Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of World War Two WWII was one of the wars that had the most devastating effects on peoples live in Europe. During five years citizens of the different countries suffered from this brutal war to which they were condemned by their government. Two of the most affected home fronts during this war, were Britain, and Germany. Women, children were the most affected, and by many they were the moral support for their brigades, while men wre fighting in the front line. When war broke out inRead More A German Perspective on World War Two Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesA German Perspective on World War Two In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Catholic. Then they came for me -- and by that time there was nobody left to speak up. -Martin Niemà ¶ller

Systematic Explanation of The Methods Employed

Question: Write an essay on systematic explanation of the methods employed in the research. Answer: This section consists of systematic explanation of the methods employed in the research that involves the effect of work-family enrichment to work engagement. In preparation for this research, the suitable independent variables consist of different forms of work-family enrichment such as family support, job independence, colleague support as well as supervisor support. On the other hand, the dependent variable in this research is work engagement. Conceptual framework Based on the identified variables, the figure 1 represents the conceptual framework for this research. Brief literature Review Work engagement According to Schaufeli Salanova (2011) work engagement refers to an optimistic and a comfortable position of the mind at place of work that is demonstrated by vigour, passion and strong interest towards a particular job. In other words, work engagement deals with what the workers do on daily basis (Bakker, 2011). This feeling can be perceived as motivating as well as lively, a feeling that staffs are positive about their tasks thus ready to set aside some extra time to work on the allocated tasks. In line with Fong and Ng (2012) thinking, work engagement can be measured using three distinct aspects such as vigour, dedication towards work and absorption. These measurement aspects correspond to Utrecht Work Engagement Scale or UWES proposition. In regard to Vigour, it depicts work engagement as use of much energy levels and mental easiness while conducting duties at place of work. Work engagement is also depicted as willingness to apply extra effort in personal work as well as the urge to meet shortcomings (Tims, Bakker and Xanthopoulou, 2011). Next, dedication entails a lot of involvement in a particular job and demonstrating some form of importance, strong interest, inspiration as well as seeming happily engaged in a specific task (Bakker, Albrech Leiter, 2011). Lastly, absorption is manifested in the manner in which workers are totally involved and enjoy their work. This is manifested by focused mind and ease in concentrating as well as natural enjoyment of tasks. Furthermore, there are myriad of factors that affect work engagement. These aspects include family support, the assistance other workers obtain from their workmates, job autonomy and the assistance that these employees receive from their supervisors. Firstly, family support is viewed from the perspective of family-work involvement (Zacher Winter, 2011). In most cases, this aspect as a determinant of work engagement holds in a communist society. For instance, in Asian countries, family support is essential in giving out social support and love to the working population, young as well as older society members (Victor, Martin Zubair, 2012). This leads to the first hypothesis: H01: Family support does not significantly affect work engagement Furthermore, Swanberg, McKechnie, Ojha and James (2011) assert that supervisors support influences work engagement. Particularly, Torrente, Salanova, Llorens and Schaufeli (2012) acknowledge that supervisor support results in enhanced work engagement since employees benefit from the informative support in terms of instructions as well as guidance which is vital in meeting the prerequisites of the work. The clear instructions enable an employee to understand the flow of work which creates enjoyment in the process of working. Hence, this leads to the second hypothesis: H02: Supervisors support does not significantly affect work engagement Moreover, Biggs, Brough and Barbour (2014) posit that colleague support strongly relates to good employee performance. In particular, colleague support assists employees manage stress successfully. In doing this, the workers are placed at a better position that relieves of problems associated with somatic systems that may result in rampant requests of sick-offs. Therefore, this leads to the third hypothesis: H03: Colleague support does not significantly affect work engagement According to Petrou, Demerouti, Peeters, Schaufeli and Hetland (2012) job autonomy has a positive relationship with work engagement. In this connection, high satisfaction and increased morale is achieved among workers in scenarios where there is job independence. When people are free from being monitored closely by the manager or bosses they feel part of the tasks they carry out and this makes them more comfortable. In addition, high job autonomy implies that workers are permitted to establish their individual plans. In different companies, job autonomy includes the tendency of workers making decisions of the way their tasks ought to be carried out. H04: Job autonomy does not significantly affect work engagement Measurement of the research variables In this research, the researcher will use 5-point Likert scale to identify the employees opinions on the effect of supervisor support, colleague support, job autonomy and family support on work engagement. Under the 5-point Likert Scale, different numbers are allocated for different responses whereby 1 stands for strongly disagree, 2 stands for disagree, 3 stands for neutral, 4 stands for agree and 5 stands for strongly disagree (Heiko, 2012). Research Plan Research philosophy as well as design The appropriate research philosophies for this study are constructivism as well as positivism. Frels and Onwuegbuzie (2013) describe constructivism as a philosophy that states that the participants ought to provide viewpoints which are highly influenced by their daily experiences. On this note, it holds to assert that the selection of research participants depends on the objectivity of the research which is achieved through the researcher selecting respondents that are professionals in the area of the study and are familiar with the research topic. It is on this premise that this research population was chosen. Secondly, the positivist philosophy acknowledges that any knowledge generated can be proved and substantiated using statistical tests. In this study, this philosophy will be used with the goal of knowing how family-work enrichment influences work engagement. Furthermore, the study has chosen descriptive design. From the name, this design concentrates on describing the behaviour or features of the research variables alongside their impacts (Bryman Bell, 2015). In this regard, the descriptive design stands out among all other designs as it is accurate and promotes organization of the research findings. According to Zikmund, Babin, Carr and Griffin (2012), descriptive research design is used alongside the questionnaires as it is concerned with explaining the characteristics of an individual or group. In this study, descriptive design is beneficial due to its advantages associated with time saving and minimal cases of bias. More so, it not only collects most relevant data for the research but also it demonstrates observable relationships among variables. In addition, it enhances conducting of the research on the section of target population and use of sampling techniques through administering questionnaires to identified group of participan ts (Bajpai, 2011). On this note, this research is concerned with the effects of family-work enrichment on work engagement in Chinese organisations. Research approach as well as research strategy The most relevant research approach is deductive. As Saunders (2011) explains, deductive research approach refers to the aspect of the researcher focusing on the previously formulated hypothesis for analysis. In other words, the conclusions derived from the analysis are only related to the hypothesis formulated before. This approach is advantageous as it relieves the researcher the burden of carrying out research which is not within the study scope, thus, saving a lot of time. Furthermore, this research employs case study strategy as the most appropriate research strategy. Bryman Bell (2015) asserts that case studies are researches conducted in a particular scope which in most cases is one or two organisations. This strategy is advantageous as it gives out a contextualised understanding of the ideas under investigation due to its nature of taking into consideration every organisational as well as industrial aspects in the study (Zikmund et al.,2012). This implies that the results obtained from case studies are thought to be more realistic as well as tailored to the organisation in comparison to the general survey which needs further modifications so as to reflect the unique characteristics of the company (Blumberg, Cooper Schindler, 2014). Population as well as sampling approach According to Saunders (2011) population is sometimes referred to as the universe which means all elements that are covered in the study area. In this study, the population which is also known as the universe are the research respondents who are employees in China. The rationale for preferring the employees is that they consist of a section of the population that is directly influenced by the aspects under investigation in the research apart from its proximity to the research topic. For this reason, these respondents are perceived to be knowledgeable regarding the study area. In this study, sampling approach entails use of representative samples to gather relevant information in the research (Bryman Bell, 2015). This approach is advantageous as it enhances fast as well as less cumbersome collection of data. In addition, the sampling frame is composed of the workers working with China Construction Bank. In this research, the sample will be drawn by application of convenience sampling method. This sampling method is regarded as the most appropriate in this research as it not only saves time but also aims at the most appropriate population. For this reason, the researcher is relieved from the trouble of having to walk unnecessarily while searching for specific respondents in the company. The sample size consisted of 100 employees which included the 40 employees from human resource department, 10 departmental managers and 50 junior employees from other departments. Data collection Furthermore, this research will employ questionnaires as data collection tool. This choice is appropriate as the respondents are perceived to be literate and are not within the same locality. Additionally, the questionnaires benefited the researcher as it is cheaper technique, quick as well as allows collection of data from different respondents at the same time (Zikmund et al.,2012). Bryman and Bell (2015) also noted that questionnaires are less strenuous in cases that involve extensive data collection. Another advantage is that, questionnaires entail recording of the responses in written form thus making it easy for safe storage of the data while awaiting data analysis process. This implies that, the use of the questionnaires is accompanied by reduced uncertainties associated with data lose. The data collection process will commence by the researcher entering the head offices of China Construction Bank and interact with the employees that will be at their working desks. At this jun cture, the researcher will take time to clarify the study goals and afterwards plead with the potential participants to provide their contributions to the study. Later, the researcher will give every employee that will be present a questionnaire and direct them to hand over to the researcher after filling them. In this research, the researcher expected to receive back 90 questionnaires out of hundred questionnaires that were issued. This implies that the research retrieval rate was ninety percent. Perhaps, this response rate was sufficiently significant to guarantee higher validity as well as reliability of the data collected. Data analysis Moreover, the researcher will employ quantitative research method in conducting data analysis. Hair, Wolfinbarger, Money, Samouel Page (2015) assert that quantitative approach to data analysis is useful in studies that deal with data that have numbers. For this reason, the data collected will be converted into numerical form. Afterwards, the data will be input into the SPSS to facilitate the data analysis process. From this point, relevant commands will be executed through the SPSS and the summary of findings will be generated and presented in form of frequencies, descriptive statistics as well as correlation tables. Then, the regression analysis will be carried out to find out the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable. Using t-statistics, the research hypothesis will be tested. The test will manifest either there is relationship between the researchs independent as well as dependent variable. Pilot study or questionnaire pre-testing According to Eriksson Kovalainen (2015) pilot studies are tests which are done to promote clarity and autonomy of data gathering tool. In this context, the data gathering instrument is the questionnaire. These tests are essential in research that involves use of questionnaires as the answers that the respondents provide have been already determined. On this note, it is easy for the researcher to know whether a particular questionnaire item may give rise to unclear responses. As such, the researcher can make adjustments to enhance clarity of the questionnaires. In this study, the pilot study will be conducted on 5 students who were selected from human resource class. Their appointment will be on the premise that they are knowledgeable in matters pertaining the determinants of employee work engagement. Research Ethics Above all, the researcher will comply with all the necessary research ethics. Firstly, the researcher will obey the participants right associated with accessing useful information to the research (Miller, Birch, Mauthner and Jessop, 2012). To further this, the researcher will unveil possible information to those taking part in the research and specify their roles during the inquiry. Next, the research participants will be assured that there will be no disclosure of personal identities in the course of the research. This will be done by ensuring that no name of any participant will appear in the research report that will be prepared in the end of the research. In fact, this will help to curb cases of prejudice in providing responses, thus increasing the accuracy of the research findings. Besides, the researcher will ensure that none is forced to give out his/her perspectives on the research subject. This will be done by obtaining information from the respondents that confirm their par ticipation before the real day of collecting data. In regard to the rights on the utilisation of the research information, the researcher will disclose to the participants that the data as well as the research report will form part of the literature related to the research topic. Also, the report will be useful among managers in decision making on the ways the productivity of the employees can be optimised. Research Time Plan Months in 2016 Dissertation Activity(parts) 1st Apr to 15th Apr Refine the study objectives to match with research topic 16th Apr to 30th Apr Commence studying as well as carrying out research before starting to write the literature review 1st May to 15th May Confirm if the study area can easily be accessed 16th May to 30th May Write Chapter one as well as prepare data collection tools 1st June to 15th June Commence and complete writing chapter 3 16th June to 31st June Carry out data collection activity 1st July to 15th July Conduct data collection and commence preparing chapter 4 16th July to 30th July Begin writing chapter 5 and go through all the completed chapters to correct the errors References Bajpai, N. (2011).Business research methods. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement.Current Directions in Psychological Science,20(4), 265-269. Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,20(1), 4-28. Biggs, A., Brough, P., Barbour, J. P. (2014). Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ wave analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(3), 301-317. Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2014).Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative methods in business research. London: Sage. Fong, T. C. T., Ng, S. M. (2012). Measuring engagement at work: validation of the Chinese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.International journal of behavioral medicine,19(3), 391-397. Frels, R. K., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2013). Administering quantitative instruments with qualitative interviews: A mixed research approach. Journal of Counseling Development,91(2), 184-194. Hair Jr, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., Page, M. J. (2015).Essentials of business research methods. London: Routledge. Heiko, A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance.Technological forecasting and social change,79(8), 1525-1536. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. London: Sage. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C., Schaufeli, W. B., Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(8), 1120-1141. Saunders, M. N. (2011).Research methods for business students, 5/e. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Schaufeli, W., Salanova, M. (2011). Work engagement: On how to better catch a slippery concept.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,20(1), 39-46. Swanberg, J. E., McKechnie, S. P., Ojha, M. U., James, J. B. (2011). Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs?.Journal of Vocational Behavior,79(3), 613-624. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers' daily work engagement?.The Leadership Quarterly,22(1), 121-131. Torrente, P., Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Teams make it work: How team work engagement mediates between social resources and performance in teams.Psicothema,24(1), 106-112. Victor, C. R., Martin, W., Zubair, M. (2012). Families and caring amongst older people in South Asian communities in the UK: a pilot study.European Journal of Social Work,15(1), 81-96. Zacher, H., Winter, G. (2011). Eldercare demands, strain, and work engagement: The moderating role of perceived organizational support.Journal of Vocational Behavior,79(3), 667-680. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012).Business research methods. South Western: Cengage Learning.

The Nature and Purpose of Management Accountine free essay sample

Analyze the Nature and Purpose of Management Accounting The purpose of management accounting is good for planning for the future requirement of the firm. It also allows for management accountants to help solve problems between the employees and the upper level management. Other purposes include helping accountant to carry through with the prior plans, analyzing information and creating reports which generate recommendations which help the firm to have more solutions than problems. The primary role of management accounting is to information in a timely manner to the company’s provide relevant management to help them plan and control the activities of the organization and with which optimal and sound decisions can be made. All the topic areas examined relate to this primary role. Although this role and its related topics covered are clearly understood by most, if not all candidates or even managers in the organizations, different types of relevant information are needed for different organizations at different times for different situations and purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature and Purpose of Management Accountine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore business skills and sense are often required when tackling organizational problems along with good analytical and writing skills. Management accounting deals with information that is not generally disseminated outside a company, such as salary cost, profit targets and cost of materials per unit produced. Whereas the general purpose financial statements of financial accounting are assumed to meet the basic information needs of most external users, managerial accounting provides a variety of specialized reports for division managers, departmental heads, project directors, section supervisors and other managers within the company. The main Purpose of the management is to steer an organisation towards its goals or purposes by assigning activities that its members perform. If Management makes sure that all activities are designed successfully, then each individual workers production will contribute to the realisation of the organisational goals. The purpose of accounts is to allow companies to record, analyze and retrieve ritical financial information that can be used to determine a companys financial status and provide reports and insights needed to make sound financial decisions. Accounting is a business discipline which allows companies to analyze, record and retrieve critical financial information that can be used to determine a business? or companys financial status and provide reports and insights that are needed to make sound financial decisions.

Dissertation Essay Example

Dissertation Essay Example Dissertation Essay Dissertation Essay Transport influences human access to different goods and services and enhances the capabilities to meet different welfare objectives. Transport improves human welfare by enhancing social inclusion whereby individuals travel to participate in social functions and social agenda (Lyons 2004:485). The transport sector has significant influence on other economic sectors globally, such as healthcare, employment, education, housing and business and industry. Improved transport enhances poverty elimination efforts by increasing access to income generating activities, education and healthcare services (Lyons 2004: 486; Currie 2010: 31). Classic public policy goals for transport systems in different countries have hefted beyond facilitating mobility and accessibility and encompass economic, environmental and social outcome elements which form the end result of governance goal in the new millennia (Currie 2010:31). Crustaceans and Boric (2007: 31) emphasize the role of transport in facilitating economic and social integration resulting from enhanced mobility and connecting communities to crucial social amenities and services such as education and health services. Under the economic dimension, transport systems are expected to minimize traffic congestion and promote dynamic urban economies. This is especially characteristic in the Northern American transport systems where cost-effectiveness is heavily emphasized in public transport systems (Currie 2010:32; Lyons 2004: 486). Environmental consciousness emphasizes the need for sustainable development in public transport systems as a means of meeting the Kyoto protocol emission targets while the social dimension calls for improved safety in public transport systems as a means of ensuring safe modes of mobility (Currie 2010:32). Lyons (2004: 490) emphasizes the need for sustainable development in the transport industry as a means of creating better quality life, currently and in the future. Moreover, stakeholders within the transport sectors are charged with the responsibility of fostering trade and competitiveness in order to stimulate growth and enhance resource efficiency. Public transport systems therefore play a significant role in national and the global economy. The world economy has become more globalizes characterized by increased economic integration and cooperation, cross-border interchange of policies, transfer of cultures, discourses of power, knowledge transfer and establishment of a global market. Globalization has significant political, social and economic implications on sectional economies (AY-Roadman Stonemason, 2006: 5). Abraham (2005:1) emphasizes the role of globalization in enhancing global integration, in aspects such as trade, national economies and capital flows by creating an autonomous global production, distribution and consumption system. This has led to trade liberalizing in different national economies as governments acknowledge the significance of the global economic system in fast tracking national fiscal growth and development. Computer influenced globalization by facilitating easier global transport and communication. The air transport sector has significantly benefited from integration of computer technologies for improving communication and efficiency leading to improved quality of life, economy and environmental impacts (Bimodal, 2012: 26). Air transport has enhanced easier transport and communication thus facilitating market penetration, increased trade and competition which have amplified efficiency and specialization leading to economic growth (Crustaceans Boric 2007: 31). Crustaceans and Boric, emphasize the role of globalization as a key driver of growth in the air transport sector. Cross investment across countries has created the need for enhanced labor mobility which is provided by air transport with airports providing connectivity and accessibility necessary for the growth of the modern society and economy. Further, airports have far reaching social and economic impacts on the set up regions characterized with easier air service accessibility and promotion of regional business. Airports serve as commercial entities and generate returns through on site economic activities such as force exchange, duty free shops, Jewelry shops, banks and coffee shops among other economic activities (Crustaceans Boric 2007: 34). The Air Transport Action Group (2005: 2) emphasized the economic and social benefits of air transport. The task force viewed air transport as the only means of transport that efficiently provides a worldwide transportation network required for global business and tourism. The air transport sector transports annually transports an estimated 2 billion passengers, 40% interregional goods and accounts for 40% of the recorded international tourism. The sector further accounts for 29 million employment opportunities generated through direct, indirect, stimulated and catalytic impacts on other economic sectors. The social impacts associated with air transport include improvement of quality of life by broadening the scope of leisure activities and human cultural experiences. Air transport provides a wider choice of holiday destinations by serving as an affordable way of vacationing in distant places. Through tourism and related benefits air transport assists in improving the standards of living and poverty alleviation by enhancing the social inclusion of remote areas in the economic, social and political agenda. These factors further leads to sustainable development (The Air Transport Action Group 2005: 2). The industry has been in the forefront in championing and taking steps towards environmental conservation through noise reduction measures, adoption of fuel- efficient engines and reduction of carbon emissions (The Air Transport Group 2005: 3). 1. 2 Background of the Study The business environment continues to be more challenging with time as characterized by increased competition and economic downturns among others. Modern corporations are challenged by dynamic aspects of the business operational environment for example markets, tight schedules, risks and uncertainties, technology and task complexities (Dillon 2002; 12). The challenges in the business operating environment require organizations to enhance efficiency and operational effectiveness in order to survive harsh economic times. This is achieved through adoption of novel technology for transforming business operations and ensuring continuous innovations for influencing business operations holistically (Sheboygan organizational competitiveness and serves as a stimulant towards creation of global institutions, attracting best employees, reinforcing corporate ambition and fostering the implementation of new ideas in order to break existing or perceived boundaries. The challenges in the business environment further demand strategic management based on identification of organizational goals, formulation of strategic policies and plans and employment of sufficient resources towards meeting organizational goals and objectives (Radian, Jake, Hassling Alumina 2009:402). Airports are not excluded from the challenging business operational environment and therefore require proper leadership and operational efficiency and effectiveness for survival in the air transport industry. Lyons (2004: 490) emphasizes the need for strategies for overcoming the challenges faced in the transport sector through adoption of tragic transport policies in the new age. Lyons further calls for upholding the social agenda or social capital in the political and public agenda with regards to the transport sector. The author emphasizes the need for developing transport in a manner which supports the society as dictated by policy aspirations and fostering environmental conservation through proper precautionary measures for preventing environmental degradation. This calls for strategic and Joined-up thinking between governments and transport experts in order to effectively link the transport sector with the needs of the society (Lyons 2004: 490). Currie (2010; 31) emphasizes the need for proper governance and management of public transport systems through the involvement of key stakeholders in development of transport policy programs through a coordinated approach where decisions are based on scientific knowledge. The public sector serves as the central mode of providing services in developing and develops nations (Chickening, 2013: 1). However, the public sector is accused of deeply entrenched inefficiency which has led to increased vaporization of public corporations. Public corporations are associated with inefficiency due to failure in Eng term management, poor quality services and protection by governments (Barter Harrison 2005: 137). The inefficiencies associated with public entities emanate from lack of clearly defined performance measures, poor evaluations, deeply entrenched corruption practices resource limitations and complexities in identifying the effects of adopted institutional reforms (Christine, Linton Command 2007:32). Most nations are unable to finance, develop or maintain national airports and view vaporization as an effective strategy towards development of new airports and maintenance of old ones (Craig, 1999: 1). Researchers have called for improvement of efficiency in the public sector. Public organizations and service providers worldwide are under increased pressure to advance efficiency through provision of improved and integrated services (Chickening 2013; 3). Christine, Linton Command (2007: 2) calls for improvement of efficiency in the public sector by reforming key institutional arrangements through diverse approaches such as increased devolution and decentralization, enhancing competitive pressures, changing workforce structures and adopting result oriented measures. Infrastructural developments including development of airports have en the liability of public agencies whose funding results from capital funds collected through taxation, issuing of public bonds and the operational costs offset by collected revenues or through the taxation system (Chickening 2013: 3). Viability of financing major projects through tax revenues (Chickening 2013: 3). Moreover, the inefficiency in the government sector has led to vaporization of airports, globally. Countries such as the I-J, Australia, Columbia, and Thailand have privatized their airports. However, in some countries governments still own most airports. In 2006, private investors owned and m anaged only 2% of all commercial airports in the world (Frost Sullivan, 2006, Para. 5). In some countries such as Australia, the airports are sold on long-term leases of 50 years (Keynote Beck, 2009, p. 02). In other countries such as the I-J, the airports are fully privatized by being listed in the stock exchange market. The vaporization has increased the profits in most countries prompting vaporization of additional airports (Musketeer Aphids, 2013, Para. 9). Mum, Adler and You (2006: 126) emphasize the shift from government operated airports to vaporization as a wide world trend with the exception of airports in the United States. Most of the airports in different countries operate autonomously with more airports expected to be privatized in the future (Craig, 1999:2). Craig, perceived the involvement of the private sector in development and operation of airports as a commonly accepted concept. Governments therefore sign agreements with development consortia for construction and operation of airports for a mutually agreed time period (Craig, 1999: 2). Chickening (2013: 4) argue that tapping private sector capital resources provides a means of promoting development of public infrastructure and facilitating the implementation of required capital projects. Vaporization of public enterprises acts as a significant policy in developed and developing nations which is placed in the context of broad-based approach for achieving economic De-regulation together with other strategies such as trade liberalizing and enhancing market access. The airport vaporization debate is based on pure economic necessities and changes in perceptions towards development policies as the private sector is viewed as more efficient and profitable (Christine, Linton Command 2007:1). Airports are also privatized as a means of enhancing easier access to private sector financing and investment (Mum, Adler You 2006: 126). However, the motives for airport vaporization and centralization differ across countries depending on the adopted approach towards institutional restructuring (Mum, Adler You 2006: 126). 1. 3 Problem Statement Vaporization of airports has significant operational and economic impacts. Studies have highlighted that government owned airports are less efficient as compared to privatized airports (Mum, Adler You 2006: 127). Cavalier and Corroborates (2008: 1) view vaporization as a means of reducing government budget deficits, fostering financial development and improving efficiency. It is agreed that privatized airports attain significantly higher operating profit margins as compared to government operated airports. This is attributed to engagement in non-aviation related activities and services which generate additional revenues. This is also associated with increased vaporization of government operated airports (Mum, Adler You 2006: 127). Mum, Adler and You (2006: 127) emphasize that government operated airports are run by bureaucrats with the aim of maximizing the objective function subjective to social welfare and personal agendas while privatized airports are strategically managed to enhance performance. This assertion has however been refuted by other researchers vaporization of airports in different areas of the globe (Christine, Linton Command, 2007:7). Cavalier and Corroborates (2008:2) attribute this to lack of conclusive empirical evidence on the impacts of change in ownership especially in relation to vaporization. Mum, Adler and You (2006: 128) assert the lack of conclusive research on the impacts of vaporization on airports. Cavalier and Corroborates (2008:1) further argue that improvement in productive efficiency does not imply improvements in locative efficiency. Moreover, complexities are experienced in disintegrating the effects of vaporization from the impacts of related fiscal policies such as liberalizing and regulatory changes (Cavalier Corroborates, 2008:2; Mum, Adler You 2006: 128). There is therefore need to close the research gap by investigating the impacts of vaporization on airports. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study Nations have adopted the trend of vaporization of airports with the aim of reducing government deficits, improving efficiency and fostering development (Cavalier Corroborates 2008:1; Christine, Linton Command, 2007:2; Mum, Adler You 2006: 128). The literature on impacts of vaporization on airports is however inconclusive (Cavalier Corroborates 2008:2; Christine, Linton Command, 2007:7; Mum, Adler You 2006; 128). This creates a need to explore the impacts of vaporization on airports. This study aimed to close the research gap by exploring the impacts of vaporization on airports. The study specifically focused on the impact of airport vaporization on the profit level, profitability, completion levels and aeronautical tariffs in the airline industry. 1. 5 Research Objectives To achieve the purpose highlighted above, the study was guided by the following pacific research objectives: 1 . To determine the impact of airport vaporization on the profit level of the airline industry. . To determine the effect of airport vaporization on the efficiency of the industry 3. To evaluate the impact of airport vaporization on the level of competition in the airline industry 4. To evaluate the effect of airport vaporization on the aeronautical tariffs 1. 6 Research Questions The study was guided by the following research questions: 1. What is the effect of the vaporization of airports on their profitability? 2 . How goes the vaporization of airports affect the operating efficiency of the airline industry? . How is the level of competition in the airline industry affected by the vaporization of airports? 4. What effect does the vaporization of airports have on the price of air travel paid by customers? 1. 7 Research Methodology The study adopted a mixed methods design incorporating both quantitative and qualitative designs. The quantitative design adopted an ex post facto research approach for examining the relationship between the vaporization of airports and the economic variables mentioned above. Quantitative data was collected from secondary sources such as books, Journals, newspaper articles, periodicals and web documents highlighting the performance of airports before and after vaporization. Government documents of countries which have done airport vaporization will also be used for the study. The ex facto research approach enabled the researcher to meet the study needs where accurate an experimental approach is not possible significant information on vaporization of airports and assist in establishing a simple cause-effect relationship between vaporization and the highlighted variables (p. 09). The ex factor research approach while non-experimental assisted the researcher to arrive at unbiased conclusions (Cottrell Mckenzie 2010: 9). The qualitative design was used to acquire primary data from 20 managers in the airline industry. The qualitative approach focused on acquiring the perspectives of managers within the industry on the impacts of vaporization on the mentioned study variables. The primary data was collected through a self administered semi-structured questionnaire. A qualitative design assists in capturing human feelings, attitudes and perspectives on the research phenomenon. The qualitative approach unlike the inattentive approach brought out the human feelings towards vaporization of airports. The mixed method design facilitated a holistic approach towards establishing the effects of vaporization of airports leading to balanced, unbiased and objective conclusions. 1. 8 Significance of the Study The research may be useful to policy makers in the government to determine whether it is economically advisable to privatized government owned airports. The research weighs on the costs and benefits that would result from such a move. The study may also inform strategic decision in the airline industry especially in nations which are anticipating vaporization of the airports by highlighting the effects of vaporization on profitability, competition, efficiency and flight prices. In addition, the research will assist private investors in knowing the impacts of vaporization on airline efficiency, competitiveness, profitability and cost of flight travel. The study may therefore inform the investment decisions of potential investors by informing them on the profitability of investment in airports. The study will also provide significant insights to students in management and especially aviation management on the effects of government vaporization policy on the airline industry. 2. 0 Literature Review Traditionally airports around the globe were managed and operated by governments as they form a significant part of the national aviation system and are perceive as public utilities (Marino 2008:5). Airport operation and handling activities were not traditionally perceived as above commercial activities (Marino 2008: 5). Airport operational activities were therefore under public authorities charged with the role of managing airport assets and property while other commercial aspect activities were outsourced to private entities. Although public ownership of airports is still being used in few parts of the world most airports around the globe have been privatized (Marino 2008: 5). Historically, governments around the globe are characterized with adoption of simple but revolutionary policy innovations. Airport vaporization is among such policies which have transformed the modulus operandi in airports around the globe. In 1987 Margaret Thatcher privatized the British Airports awakening the aviation industry to the idea that vaporization opened up the tremendous but untapped potential of revenue generation and efficiency gains in the here London Airports of Heathers, Catwalk and Standee, Southampton and three other airports in Scotland (Craig 1999:11). Since then British Aviation Authority has developed through investments in airports around the globe such as Ferrying airport, a major airport in Hungary and has also reflected on taking on trade agreements at Boston Logan International Airport and Baltimore-Washington International Airport through its subsidiary BAA USA (Boney 2007: 4). The vaporization of the British Airports Authority was sequenced by airport vaporization recess in other countries such as Austria whose Vienna Airport which entered the Vienna Stock Exchange in 1992 followed by other two Danish airports which were commercialese as Copenhagen Airports Ltd and entered the Copenhagen Stock Exchange by 1994 (Divan 1999:1). Belgium formed a corporation for owning the Brussels airport terminal while New Zealand privatized three international airports (Boney 2007: 4). The United Kingdoms Northern Ireland based Belfast International Airport was privatized while Australia privatized 22 airports to the countrys Federal Airport Corporation (FACE) in 1994. In Northern America, Canada created the Vancouver Airport Services (WARS) which is charged with the responsibility of managing 18 airports in the country, Dominican Republic, Greece Jamaica and Chile. By the year 2007, one or more of 39 countries airports had been privatized (Boney 2007: 5). In the United States airports are partially privatized as characterized by management and operation by local, federal or the central government corporations or independent airport authorities possessed by the local, federal and the central government. Airlines are highly involved in the management f airports within the United States, making the airports appear more privatized. Full vaporization is hindered by the dependence on federal grants emanating from the FAA airport improvement program. Full vaporization of airports within the United States can only occur where the private owners are willing and able to reimburse the federal grants (Boney 2007:5). 2. 2 Forms of Airport Vaporization Airport vaporization takes different forms such as direct control and management through civil aviation administration, through specific ministerial units, through congenial or municipal government levels, through specific and financially and operationally autonomous government bodies, through autonomous corporations established through special statutes and through companies established under company law (Marino 2008: 5). Vaporization of public airports to autonomous bodies is aided by sale of concessions to private sector entities such as developers, financiers or consortium of operators charged with the responsibility of operating or developing an airport for a pre-determined and mutually agreed number of years (Craig 1999; 4). Marino (2008: 6) characterize such as concessions as management entrants where the management of entire airport systems shifts to the private sector for a pre-determined period of time. The private sector corporations however pay a fee to the government through fixed professional fees, or percentages of the gross revenues or profits collected from the airports, proportions of savings resulting from use of the airports or from generated additional revenues (p. 6). Airports are also privatized through sale of concession to private sector entities charged with the role of developing and operating a system of several airports on behalf of stipulated

Teaching Conditional Forms to ESL Students

Teaching Conditional Forms to ESL Students Conditional forms should be introduced to students once they are familiar with the basic past, present and future tenses. While there are four conditional forms, it is best to start off with the first conditional focusing on real situations. To help students understand, I find it helpful to point out parallels in future time clauses: Ill discuss the plan if he comes to the meeting.Well discuss the issue when he arrives tomorrow. This will help students with the structure of using the if clause to begin the sentence, in parallel with the same structure for future time clauses. If we finish work early, well go out for a beer.When we visit our parents, we like to go to Bobs Burgers. Once students have understood this basic structural similarity, its easy to continue on with the zero conditional, as well as the other conditional forms. It is also helpful to use other conditional names such as real conditional for the first conditional, unreal conditional for the second conditional form, and past unreal conditional for the third conditional. I recommend introducing all three forms if students are comfortable with tenses as the similarities in structure will help them digest the information. Here are suggestions to teaching each conditional form in order. Zero Conditional I recommend teaching this form after you have taught the first conditional. Remind the students that the first conditional is similar in meaning to future time clauses. The main difference between the zero conditional and a future time clause with when is that the zero conditional is for situations which dont happen on a regular basis. In other words, use future time clauses for routines, but use the zero conditional for exceptional situations. Notice how the zero conditional is used to underline that a situation does not regularly occur in the examples below. Routines We discuss sales when we meet on Fridays.When she visits her father, she always brings a cake. Exceptional Situations If a problem occurs, we immediately send our repairman.She informs her director if she cant deal with the situation herself. First Conditional The focus in the first conditional is that it is used for realistic situations that will take place in the future. Make sure to point out that the first conditional is also called the real conditional. Here are the steps to teaching the first conditional form: Introduce the construction of the first conditional: If present simple, (then clause) future with willPoint out that the two clauses can be switched: (then clause) future with will if present simpleNote that a comma should be used when beginning the first conditional with the If clause.To help students with the form, use a first conditional grammar chant to repeat the construction.Use a first conditional worksheet to ask students to practice the form.Create a first conditional chain by asking each student to repeat the result of what the previous student has said in the if clause. For example:If he comes, we will have lunch.If we have lunch, well go to Riccardos pizzeria.If we go to Riccardos pizzeria, well see Sarah.etc. Second Conditional Stress that the second conditional form is used to imagine a different reality. In other words, the second conditional is an unreal conditional. Introduce the construction of the second conditional: If past simple, (then clause) would base form of verbPoint out that the two clauses can be switched: (then clause) would base form of verb if past simpleNote that a comma should be used when beginning the second conditional with the If clause.One problem with the second conditional is the use of were for all subjects. Cambridge University now also accepts was. However, many academic institutions still expect were. For example:If I were the teacher, Id do more grammar.If I was the teacher, Id do more grammar.I recommend using your best judgment based on your students objectives. In any case, point out the difference in common usage and academic expectations.To help students with the form, use a second conditional grammar chant to repeat the construction.Use a second conditional worksheet to ask students to practice the form.Create a second conditional chain by asking each student to repeat the result of what the previous stude nt has said in the if clause. For example:If I had $1,000,000, Id buy a new house.If I bought a new house, Id get a swimming pool, too.If I had a swimming pool, wed have lots of parties.etc. Discuss the differences in usage between the first and second conditional. You can also use this ready to go conditionals lesson plan to further help students with the two forms.Practice the differences between the first and second conditional forms with a comparative forms quiz. Third Conditional The third conditional can be challenging for students because of the long verb string in the result clause. Practicing the form repeatedly with the grammar chant and conditional chain exercise are especially useful for students when learning this complicated form. I suggest also teaching the similar form of expressing wishes with I wish I had done ... when teaching the third conditional. Introduce the construction of the first conditional: If past perfect, (then clause) would have past participle Point out that the two clauses can be switched: (then clause) would have past participle if past perfectNote that a comma should be used when beginning the third conditional with the If clause.To help students with the form, use a third conditional grammar chant to repeat the construction.Use a third conditional worksheet to ask students to practice the form.Create a third conditional chain by asking each student to repeat the result of what the previous student has said in the if clause. For example:If I had bought that car, I would have had an accident.If I had had an accident, I would have gone to the hospital.If I had gone to the hospital, I would have had an operation.etc.

Research Methodologies Applied To Evaluate The Impact Of Stimulant Assignment

Research Methodologies Applied To Evaluate The Impact Of Stimulant Energy Drink - Assignment Example Methodology Collection Of Data The first thing for any study is the process of data collection and the method of sampling. Data is collected on the basis of sampling which can be randomized, or purposive with respect to the variable that has to be analyzed. Randomized data means each individual will have equal probability to be included in the sample. Purposive data is considered by some criteria fixed by the experimenter (effects of a drug on diabetic patients).Sampling makes sure that the results are based on non biased assumptions and simply random sampling reduces the chance of bias. So in this study we will fix inclusion criteria with a purposive sampling- that means people who use computers whether desktops and laptops will be included and the others in the population will not be included- thus our purposive sampling will narrow it to population of computer users. The exclusion criteria would be non computer users and having vision problems other than technology related. Data will be collected through a set of questionnaire method:- a. Energy severity score: Rate your self energy on a scale of 1 to 10( more energy feeling more score) b. Rate your sleep scale from 1-1 0 ( more score more awake) We would see then whether our distribution obtained is symmetrical or asymmetrical and conform to normal distribution and whether undue weightage has been given to extreme values during data collection. Collected data can have a symmetrical representation and in that case mean, median and mode will be the same for a particular variable and when these value changes it is called asymmetrical and this measure is called skewness, On the other hand there can be incidences such the data is collected more on the upper and lower sides of a variable(tails) it will be called leptokurtic data and if the middle values of a variable are collected it is called platykurtic data. In the former the distribution looks pointed and in later it has a plateau shaped. Ideally if a data is ideally collected then the curve should look mesokurtic with frequency of the scores evenly distributed at upper and lower and middle limits. This is called a normal distribution. The normal distribution has a unit area of one and this is helpful to measure testing of hypothesis.(Chance,2005). Thus the need for data representation becomes important Analysis of Data Testing of Hypothesis: We will take the mean scores of sleepiness and energy in both the groups and go for a testing of hypothesis Data can be analyzed for statistical significance based on the normal distribution. This means if the computed probability value or p value as measured from t test or Anova is